Literature
Technically innovative films, including the Nazi propaganda films Triumph of the Will and Olympia.
Leni Riefenstahl (1902–2003) was a German dancer, actress, filmmaker, and photographer. One of the few women to direct a film in Weimar-era Germany, she later gained worldwide attention for Nazi propaganda films. Her technical innovations and work in the service of propaganda made her one of the most controversial figures in film history.
Riefenstahl became interested in dance as a child, took lessons, and performed across Europe. After seeing a poster for the 1924 film Mountain of Destiny, she pursued acting and starred in five successful films between 1925 and 1929.
In 1932, Riefenstahl directed her film The Blue Light, becoming one of the few women in Germany to direct a film during the Weimar era.
Riefenstahl directed Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938). Both are widely regarded as technically innovative and highly effective works of propaganda.
Adolf Hitler collaborated closely with Riefenstahl on at least three important Nazi films, and they formed a friendly relationship. After the Second World War, she was arrested and classified as a Nazi "fellow traveller," but she was not charged with war crimes.
Riefenstahl denied knowing about the Holocaust and was criticized for this defence. Her postwar work included photography, an autobiography published in 1987, underwater images, and two photo books on the Nuba peoples of southern Sudan.
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Her film Tiefland used around 50 Roma and Sinti prisoners from the Maxglan camp as coerced performers and laborers.
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